Epidemic and pandemic viral infections: impact on tuberculosis and the lung. A consensus by the World Association for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (WAidid), Global Tuberculosis Network (GTN) and members# of ESCMID Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC).
Identifieur interne : 001030 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001029; suivant : 001031Epidemic and pandemic viral infections: impact on tuberculosis and the lung. A consensus by the World Association for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (WAidid), Global Tuberculosis Network (GTN) and members# of ESCMID Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC).
Auteurs : Catherine Wei Min Ong [Singapour] ; Giovanni Battista Migliori [Italie] ; Mario Raviglione [Italie, Suisse] ; Gavin Macgregor-Skinner [États-Unis] ; Giovanni Sotgiu [Italie] ; Jan-Willem Alffenaar [Australie] ; Simon Tiberi [Royaume-Uni] ; Cornelia Adlhoch [Suède] ; Tonino Alonzi [Italie] ; Sophia Archuleta [Singapour] ; Sergio Brusin [Suède] ; Emmanuelle Cambau [France] ; Maria Rosaria Capobianchi [Italie] ; Concetta Castilletti [Italie] ; Rosella Centis [Italie] ; Daniela M. Cirillo [Italie] ; Lia D'Ambrosio [Suisse] ; Giovanni Delogu [Italie] ; Susanna M R. Esposito [Italie] ; Jose Figueroa [Royaume-Uni] ; Jon S. Friedland [Royaume-Uni] ; Benjamin Ho Choon Heng [Singapour] ; Giuseppe Ippolito [Italie] ; Mateja Jankovic [Croatie] ; Hannah Yejin Kim [Australie] ; Senia Rosales Klintz [Suède] ; Csaba Ködmön [Suède] ; Eleonora Lalle [Italie] ; Yee Sin Leo [Singapour] ; Chi-Chiu Leung [République populaire de Chine] ; Anne-Grete M Rtson [Pays-Bas] ; Mario Melazzini [Italie] ; Saeid Najafi Fard [Italie] ; Pasi Penttinen [Suède] ; Linda Petrone [Italie] ; Elisa Petruccioli [Italie] ; Emanuele Pontali [Italie] ; Laura Saderi [Italie] ; Miguel Santin [Espagne] ; Antonio Spanevello [Italie] ; Reinout Van Crevel [Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni] ; Marieke J. Van Der Werf [Suède] ; Dina Visca [Italie] ; Miguel Viveiros [Portugal] ; Jean Pierre Zellweger [Suisse] ; Alimuddin Zumla [Royaume-Uni] ; Delia Goletti [Italie]Source :
- The European respiratory journal [ 1399-3003 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Major epidemics including some that qualify as pandemics, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle-Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Human Immunodeficiency Virus, pandemic H1N1/09 and most recently COVID-19 affect the lung. Tuberculosis (TB) remains the top infectious disease killer but apart from the TB-HIV syndemic, little is known regarding the interaction of viral epidemics and pandemics with TB. The aim of this consensus-based document is to describe the effects of the viral infections resulting in epidemics and pandemics that affect the lung (MERS, SARS, HIV, influenza A (H1N1)pdm/09 and COVID-19) and their interactions with TB. A search of the scientific literature was performed. A writing committee of international experts including the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Public Health Emergency (ECDC PHE) team, the World Association for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (WAidid), the Global Tuberculosis Network (GTN) and members of ESCMID Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC) was established. Consensus was achieved after multiple rounds of revisions between the writing committee and a larger expert group. A Delphi process involving the core group of authors, excluding the ECDC PHE team identified the areas requiring review/consensus, followed by a second round to refine the definitive consensus elements. The epidemiology, immunology of these viral infections and their interactions with TB are discussed with implications on diagnosis, treatment and prevention of airborne infections (infection control, viral containment and workplace safety). This consensus document represents a rapid and comprehensive summary on what is known on the topic.
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01727-2020
PubMed: 32586885
Affiliations:
- Australie, Croatie, Espagne, France, Italie, Pays-Bas, Portugal, Royaume-Uni, République populaire de Chine, Singapour, Suisse, Suède, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Canton de Berne, Canton de Genève, Grand Londres, Groningue (province), Gueldre, Latium, Lombardie, Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, Oxfordshire, Pennsylvanie, Svealand, Île-de-France
- Berne, Genève, Groningue, Londres, Milan, Nimègue, Oxford, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Sydney
- Université d'Oxford, Université de Genève, Université de Groningue, Université de Londres, Université de Sydney, Université nationale de Singapour
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Archuleta, Sophia" sort="Archuleta, Sophia" uniqKey="Archuleta S" first="Sophia" last="Archuleta">Sophia Archuleta</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brusin, Sergio" sort="Brusin, Sergio" uniqKey="Brusin S" first="Sergio" last="Brusin">Sergio Brusin</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cambau, Emmanuelle" sort="Cambau, Emmanuelle" uniqKey="Cambau E" first="Emmanuelle" last="Cambau">Emmanuelle Cambau</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>APHP-Lariboisiere, Bacteriologie, Laboratory Associated to the National Reference Center for Mycobacteria; IAME UMR1137, INSERM, University of Paris, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>APHP-Lariboisiere, Bacteriologie, Laboratory Associated to the National Reference Center for Mycobacteria; IAME UMR1137, INSERM, University of Paris, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capobianchi, Maria Rosaria" sort="Capobianchi, Maria Rosaria" uniqKey="Capobianchi M" first="Maria Rosaria" last="Capobianchi">Maria Rosaria Capobianchi</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Virology, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Virology, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castilletti, Concetta" sort="Castilletti, Concetta" uniqKey="Castilletti C" first="Concetta" last="Castilletti">Concetta Castilletti</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Virology, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Virology, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Centis, Rosella" sort="Centis, Rosella" uniqKey="Centis R" first="Rosella" last="Centis">Rosella Centis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tradate</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cirillo, Daniela M" sort="Cirillo, Daniela M" uniqKey="Cirillo D" first="Daniela M" last="Cirillo">Daniela M. Cirillo</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement><region nuts="2">Lombardie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Ambrosio, Lia" sort="D Ambrosio, Lia" uniqKey="D Ambrosio L" first="Lia" last="D'Ambrosio">Lia D'Ambrosio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Consulting Group, Lugano, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Consulting Group, Lugano</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lugano</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delogu, Giovanni" sort="Delogu, Giovanni" uniqKey="Delogu G" first="Giovanni" last="Delogu">Giovanni Delogu</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Roma</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Olbia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Esposito, Susanna M R" sort="Esposito, Susanna M R" uniqKey="Esposito S" first="Susanna M R" last="Esposito">Susanna M R. Esposito</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, University of Parma, Parma</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Parma</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Figueroa, Jose" sort="Figueroa, Jose" uniqKey="Figueroa J" first="Jose" last="Figueroa">Jose Figueroa</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>National Health Service (NHS), London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>National Health Service (NHS), London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Friedland, Jon S" sort="Friedland, Jon S" uniqKey="Friedland J" first="Jon S" last="Friedland">Jon S. Friedland</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>St George's, University of London, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>St George's, University of London, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Londres</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choon Heng, Benjamin Ho" sort="Choon Heng, Benjamin Ho" uniqKey="Choon Heng B" first="Benjamin Ho" last="Choon Heng">Benjamin Ho Choon Heng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Tuberculosis Control Unit, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Tuberculosis Control Unit, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tan Tock Seng Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ippolito, Giuseppe" sort="Ippolito, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Ippolito G" first="Giuseppe" last="Ippolito">Giuseppe Ippolito</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Scientific Direction, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Scientific Direction, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jankovic, Mateja" sort="Jankovic, Mateja" uniqKey="Jankovic M" first="Mateja" last="Jankovic">Mateja Jankovic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Clinic for Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Croatie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Clinic for Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Zagreb</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Hannah Yejin" sort="Kim, Hannah Yejin" uniqKey="Kim H" first="Hannah Yejin" last="Kim">Hannah Yejin Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>University of Sydney, Sydney Pharmacy School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Sydney, Sydney Pharmacy School, Sydney, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Westmead Hospital, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klintz, Senia Rosales" sort="Klintz, Senia Rosales" uniqKey="Klintz S" first="Senia Rosales" last="Klintz">Senia Rosales Klintz</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kodmon, Csaba" sort="Kodmon, Csaba" uniqKey="Kodmon C" first="Csaba" last="Ködmön">Csaba Ködmön</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lalle, Eleonora" sort="Lalle, Eleonora" uniqKey="Lalle E" first="Eleonora" last="Lalle">Eleonora Lalle</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Virology, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Virology, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leo, Yee Sin" sort="Leo, Yee Sin" uniqKey="Leo Y" first="Yee Sin" last="Leo">Yee Sin Leo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>National Centre for Infectious Diseases</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, Chi Chiu" sort="Leung, Chi Chiu" uniqKey="Leung C" first="Chi-Chiu" last="Leung">Chi-Chiu Leung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hong Kong Tuberculosis, Chest and Heart Diseases Association, Wanchai, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Hong Kong Tuberculosis, Chest and Heart Diseases Association, Wanchai, Hong Kong</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hong Kong</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="M Rtson, Anne Grete" sort="M Rtson, Anne Grete" uniqKey="M Rtson A" first="Anne-Grete" last="M Rtson">Anne-Grete M Rtson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Groningen, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Groningen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Groningue</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Groningue (province)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Groningue</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melazzini, Mario" sort="Melazzini, Mario" uniqKey="Melazzini M" first="Mario" last="Melazzini">Mario Melazzini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Scientific Direction, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Scientific Direction, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pavia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Najafi Fard, Saeid" sort="Najafi Fard, Saeid" uniqKey="Najafi Fard S" first="Saeid" last="Najafi Fard">Saeid Najafi Fard</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Penttinen, Pasi" sort="Penttinen, Pasi" uniqKey="Penttinen P" first="Pasi" last="Penttinen">Pasi Penttinen</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petrone, Linda" sort="Petrone, Linda" uniqKey="Petrone L" first="Linda" last="Petrone">Linda Petrone</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petruccioli, Elisa" sort="Petruccioli, Elisa" uniqKey="Petruccioli E" first="Elisa" last="Petruccioli">Elisa Petruccioli</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pontali, Emanuele" sort="Pontali, Emanuele" uniqKey="Pontali E" first="Emanuele" last="Pontali">Emanuele Pontali</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, Genova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, Genova</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Genova</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saderi, Laura" sort="Saderi, Laura" uniqKey="Saderi L" first="Laura" last="Saderi">Laura Saderi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sassari</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santin, Miguel" sort="Santin, Miguel" uniqKey="Santin M" first="Miguel" last="Santin">Miguel Santin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>L'Hospitalet de Llobregat</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Science, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Science, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>L'Hospitalet de Llobregat</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spanevello, Antonio" sort="Spanevello, Antonio" uniqKey="Spanevello A" first="Antonio" last="Spanevello">Antonio Spanevello</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tradate</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Diseases, University of Insubria, Varese-Como, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Diseases, University of Insubria, Varese-Como</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Varese-Como</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Crevel, Reinout" sort="Van Crevel, Reinout" uniqKey="Van Crevel R" first="Reinout" last="Van Crevel">Reinout Van Crevel</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Nimègue</settlement><region type="province" nuts="2">Gueldre</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Marieke J" sort="Van Der Werf, Marieke J" uniqKey="Van Der Werf M" first="Marieke J" last="Van Der Werf">Marieke J. Van Der Werf</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Visca, Dina" sort="Visca, Dina" uniqKey="Visca D" first="Dina" last="Visca">Dina Visca</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tradate</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Diseases, University of Insubria, Varese-Como, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Diseases, University of Insubria, Varese-Como</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Varese-Como</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Viveiros, Miguel" sort="Viveiros, Miguel" uniqKey="Viveiros M" first="Miguel" last="Viveiros">Miguel Viveiros</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lisbon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zellweger, Jean Pierre" sort="Zellweger, Jean Pierre" uniqKey="Zellweger J" first="Jean Pierre" last="Zellweger">Jean Pierre Zellweger</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>TB Competence Centre, Swiss Lung Association, Berne, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>TB Competence Centre, Swiss Lung Association, Berne</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Berne</settlement><region type="région" nuts="3">Canton de Berne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zumla, Alimuddin" sort="Zumla, Alimuddin" uniqKey="Zumla A" first="Alimuddin" last="Zumla">Alimuddin Zumla</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goletti, Delia" sort="Goletti, Delia" uniqKey="Goletti D" first="Delia" last="Goletti">Delia Goletti</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32586885</idno><idno type="pmid">32586885</idno><idno type="doi">10.1183/13993003.01727-2020</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000C04</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000C04</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000C04</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000C04</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000C04</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Epidemic and pandemic viral infections: impact on tuberculosis and the lung. A consensus by the World Association for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (WAidid), Global Tuberculosis Network (GTN) and members<sup>#</sup> of ESCMID Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC).</title><author><name sortKey="Min Ong, Catherine Wei" sort="Min Ong, Catherine Wei" uniqKey="Min Ong C" first="Catherine Wei" last="Min Ong">Catherine Wei Min Ong</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Migliori, Giovanni Battista" sort="Migliori, Giovanni Battista" uniqKey="Migliori G" first="Giovanni Battista" last="Migliori">Giovanni Battista Migliori</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tradate</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raviglione, Mario" sort="Raviglione, Mario" uniqKey="Raviglione M" first="Mario" last="Raviglione">Mario Raviglione</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science, University of Milan, Milan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement><region nuts="2">Lombardie</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Genève</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Genève</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Genève</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macgregor Skinner, Gavin" sort="Macgregor Skinner, Gavin" uniqKey="Macgregor Skinner G" first="Gavin" last="Macgregor-Skinner">Gavin Macgregor-Skinner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sotgiu, Giovanni" sort="Sotgiu, Giovanni" uniqKey="Sotgiu G" first="Giovanni" last="Sotgiu">Giovanni Sotgiu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sassari</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alffenaar, Jan Willem" sort="Alffenaar, Jan Willem" uniqKey="Alffenaar J" first="Jan-Willem" last="Alffenaar">Jan-Willem Alffenaar</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>University of Sydney, Sydney Pharmacy School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Sydney, Sydney Pharmacy School, Sydney, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Westmead Hospital, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tiberi, Simon" sort="Tiberi, Simon" uniqKey="Tiberi S" first="Simon" last="Tiberi">Simon Tiberi</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Londres</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infection, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infection, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adlhoch, Cornelia" sort="Adlhoch, Cornelia" uniqKey="Adlhoch C" first="Cornelia" last="Adlhoch">Cornelia Adlhoch</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alonzi, Tonino" sort="Alonzi, Tonino" uniqKey="Alonzi T" first="Tonino" last="Alonzi">Tonino Alonzi</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Archuleta, Sophia" sort="Archuleta, Sophia" uniqKey="Archuleta S" first="Sophia" last="Archuleta">Sophia Archuleta</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brusin, Sergio" sort="Brusin, Sergio" uniqKey="Brusin S" first="Sergio" last="Brusin">Sergio Brusin</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cambau, Emmanuelle" sort="Cambau, Emmanuelle" uniqKey="Cambau E" first="Emmanuelle" last="Cambau">Emmanuelle Cambau</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>APHP-Lariboisiere, Bacteriologie, Laboratory Associated to the National Reference Center for Mycobacteria; IAME UMR1137, INSERM, University of Paris, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>APHP-Lariboisiere, Bacteriologie, Laboratory Associated to the National Reference Center for Mycobacteria; IAME UMR1137, INSERM, University of Paris, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capobianchi, Maria Rosaria" sort="Capobianchi, Maria Rosaria" uniqKey="Capobianchi M" first="Maria Rosaria" last="Capobianchi">Maria Rosaria Capobianchi</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Virology, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Virology, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castilletti, Concetta" sort="Castilletti, Concetta" uniqKey="Castilletti C" first="Concetta" last="Castilletti">Concetta Castilletti</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Virology, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Virology, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Centis, Rosella" sort="Centis, Rosella" uniqKey="Centis R" first="Rosella" last="Centis">Rosella Centis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tradate</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cirillo, Daniela M" sort="Cirillo, Daniela M" uniqKey="Cirillo D" first="Daniela M" last="Cirillo">Daniela M. Cirillo</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement><region nuts="2">Lombardie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Ambrosio, Lia" sort="D Ambrosio, Lia" uniqKey="D Ambrosio L" first="Lia" last="D'Ambrosio">Lia D'Ambrosio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Consulting Group, Lugano, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Consulting Group, Lugano</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lugano</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delogu, Giovanni" sort="Delogu, Giovanni" uniqKey="Delogu G" first="Giovanni" last="Delogu">Giovanni Delogu</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Roma</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Olbia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Esposito, Susanna M R" sort="Esposito, Susanna M R" uniqKey="Esposito S" first="Susanna M R" last="Esposito">Susanna M R. Esposito</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, University of Parma, Parma</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Parma</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Figueroa, Jose" sort="Figueroa, Jose" uniqKey="Figueroa J" first="Jose" last="Figueroa">Jose Figueroa</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>National Health Service (NHS), London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>National Health Service (NHS), London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Friedland, Jon S" sort="Friedland, Jon S" uniqKey="Friedland J" first="Jon S" last="Friedland">Jon S. Friedland</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>St George's, University of London, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>St George's, University of London, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Londres</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choon Heng, Benjamin Ho" sort="Choon Heng, Benjamin Ho" uniqKey="Choon Heng B" first="Benjamin Ho" last="Choon Heng">Benjamin Ho Choon Heng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Tuberculosis Control Unit, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Tuberculosis Control Unit, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tan Tock Seng Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ippolito, Giuseppe" sort="Ippolito, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Ippolito G" first="Giuseppe" last="Ippolito">Giuseppe Ippolito</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Scientific Direction, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Scientific Direction, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jankovic, Mateja" sort="Jankovic, Mateja" uniqKey="Jankovic M" first="Mateja" last="Jankovic">Mateja Jankovic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Clinic for Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Croatie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Clinic for Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Zagreb</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Hannah Yejin" sort="Kim, Hannah Yejin" uniqKey="Kim H" first="Hannah Yejin" last="Kim">Hannah Yejin Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>University of Sydney, Sydney Pharmacy School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Sydney, Sydney Pharmacy School, Sydney, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Westmead Hospital, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klintz, Senia Rosales" sort="Klintz, Senia Rosales" uniqKey="Klintz S" first="Senia Rosales" last="Klintz">Senia Rosales Klintz</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kodmon, Csaba" sort="Kodmon, Csaba" uniqKey="Kodmon C" first="Csaba" last="Ködmön">Csaba Ködmön</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lalle, Eleonora" sort="Lalle, Eleonora" uniqKey="Lalle E" first="Eleonora" last="Lalle">Eleonora Lalle</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Virology, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Virology, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leo, Yee Sin" sort="Leo, Yee Sin" uniqKey="Leo Y" first="Yee Sin" last="Leo">Yee Sin Leo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>National Centre for Infectious Diseases</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, Chi Chiu" sort="Leung, Chi Chiu" uniqKey="Leung C" first="Chi-Chiu" last="Leung">Chi-Chiu Leung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hong Kong Tuberculosis, Chest and Heart Diseases Association, Wanchai, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Hong Kong Tuberculosis, Chest and Heart Diseases Association, Wanchai, Hong Kong</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hong Kong</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="M Rtson, Anne Grete" sort="M Rtson, Anne Grete" uniqKey="M Rtson A" first="Anne-Grete" last="M Rtson">Anne-Grete M Rtson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Groningen, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Groningen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Groningue</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Groningue (province)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Groningue</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melazzini, Mario" sort="Melazzini, Mario" uniqKey="Melazzini M" first="Mario" last="Melazzini">Mario Melazzini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Scientific Direction, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Scientific Direction, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pavia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Najafi Fard, Saeid" sort="Najafi Fard, Saeid" uniqKey="Najafi Fard S" first="Saeid" last="Najafi Fard">Saeid Najafi Fard</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Penttinen, Pasi" sort="Penttinen, Pasi" uniqKey="Penttinen P" first="Pasi" last="Penttinen">Pasi Penttinen</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petrone, Linda" sort="Petrone, Linda" uniqKey="Petrone L" first="Linda" last="Petrone">Linda Petrone</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petruccioli, Elisa" sort="Petruccioli, Elisa" uniqKey="Petruccioli E" first="Elisa" last="Petruccioli">Elisa Petruccioli</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pontali, Emanuele" sort="Pontali, Emanuele" uniqKey="Pontali E" first="Emanuele" last="Pontali">Emanuele Pontali</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, Genova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, Genova</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Genova</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saderi, Laura" sort="Saderi, Laura" uniqKey="Saderi L" first="Laura" last="Saderi">Laura Saderi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sassari</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santin, Miguel" sort="Santin, Miguel" uniqKey="Santin M" first="Miguel" last="Santin">Miguel Santin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>L'Hospitalet de Llobregat</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Science, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Science, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>L'Hospitalet de Llobregat</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spanevello, Antonio" sort="Spanevello, Antonio" uniqKey="Spanevello A" first="Antonio" last="Spanevello">Antonio Spanevello</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tradate</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Diseases, University of Insubria, Varese-Como, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Diseases, University of Insubria, Varese-Como</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Varese-Como</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Crevel, Reinout" sort="Van Crevel, Reinout" uniqKey="Van Crevel R" first="Reinout" last="Van Crevel">Reinout Van Crevel</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Nimègue</settlement><region type="province" nuts="2">Gueldre</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Marieke J" sort="Van Der Werf, Marieke J" uniqKey="Van Der Werf M" first="Marieke J" last="Van Der Werf">Marieke J. Van Der Werf</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Visca, Dina" sort="Visca, Dina" uniqKey="Visca D" first="Dina" last="Visca">Dina Visca</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tradate</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Diseases, University of Insubria, Varese-Como, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Diseases, University of Insubria, Varese-Como</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Varese-Como</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Viveiros, Miguel" sort="Viveiros, Miguel" uniqKey="Viveiros M" first="Miguel" last="Viveiros">Miguel Viveiros</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lisbon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zellweger, Jean Pierre" sort="Zellweger, Jean Pierre" uniqKey="Zellweger J" first="Jean Pierre" last="Zellweger">Jean Pierre Zellweger</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>TB Competence Centre, Swiss Lung Association, Berne, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>TB Competence Centre, Swiss Lung Association, Berne</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Berne</settlement><region type="région" nuts="3">Canton de Berne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zumla, Alimuddin" sort="Zumla, Alimuddin" uniqKey="Zumla A" first="Alimuddin" last="Zumla">Alimuddin Zumla</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goletti, Delia" sort="Goletti, Delia" uniqKey="Goletti D" first="Delia" last="Goletti">Delia Goletti</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The European respiratory journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1399-3003</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Major epidemics including some that qualify as pandemics, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle-Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Human Immunodeficiency Virus, pandemic H1N1/09 and most recently COVID-19 affect the lung. Tuberculosis (TB) remains the top infectious disease killer but apart from the TB-HIV syndemic, little is known regarding the interaction of viral epidemics and pandemics with TB. The aim of this consensus-based document is to describe the effects of the viral infections resulting in epidemics and pandemics that affect the lung (MERS, SARS, HIV, influenza A (H1N1)pdm/09 and COVID-19) and their interactions with TB. A search of the scientific literature was performed. A writing committee of international experts including the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Public Health Emergency (ECDC PHE) team, the World Association for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (WAidid), the Global Tuberculosis Network (GTN) and members of ESCMID Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC) was established. Consensus was achieved after multiple rounds of revisions between the writing committee and a larger expert group. A Delphi process involving the core group of authors, excluding the ECDC PHE team identified the areas requiring review/consensus, followed by a second round to refine the definitive consensus elements. The epidemiology, immunology of these viral infections and their interactions with TB are discussed with implications on diagnosis, treatment and prevention of airborne infections (infection control, viral containment and workplace safety). This consensus document represents a rapid and comprehensive summary on what is known on the topic.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32586885</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>03</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1399-3003</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Jul</Month><Day>02</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The European respiratory journal</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Eur. Respir. J.</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Epidemic and pandemic viral infections: impact on tuberculosis and the lung. A consensus by the World Association for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (WAidid), Global Tuberculosis Network (GTN) and members<sup>#</sup> of ESCMID Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC).</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">2001727</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1183/13993003.01727-2020</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Major epidemics including some that qualify as pandemics, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle-Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Human Immunodeficiency Virus, pandemic H1N1/09 and most recently COVID-19 affect the lung. Tuberculosis (TB) remains the top infectious disease killer but apart from the TB-HIV syndemic, little is known regarding the interaction of viral epidemics and pandemics with TB. The aim of this consensus-based document is to describe the effects of the viral infections resulting in epidemics and pandemics that affect the lung (MERS, SARS, HIV, influenza A (H1N1)pdm/09 and COVID-19) and their interactions with TB. A search of the scientific literature was performed. A writing committee of international experts including the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Public Health Emergency (ECDC PHE) team, the World Association for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (WAidid), the Global Tuberculosis Network (GTN) and members of ESCMID Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC) was established. Consensus was achieved after multiple rounds of revisions between the writing committee and a larger expert group. A Delphi process involving the core group of authors, excluding the ECDC PHE team identified the areas requiring review/consensus, followed by a second round to refine the definitive consensus elements. The epidemiology, immunology of these viral infections and their interactions with TB are discussed with implications on diagnosis, treatment and prevention of airborne infections (infection control, viral containment and workplace safety). This consensus document represents a rapid and comprehensive summary on what is known on the topic.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright ©ERS 2020.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Min Ong</LastName><ForeName>Catherine Wei</ForeName><Initials>CW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Migliori</LastName><ForeName>Giovanni Battista</ForeName><Initials>GB</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2597-574X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Raviglione</LastName><ForeName>Mario</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>MacGregor-Skinner</LastName><ForeName>Gavin</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sotgiu</LastName><ForeName>Giovanni</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1600-4474</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alffenaar</LastName><ForeName>Jan-Willem</ForeName><Initials>JW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Sydney, Sydney Pharmacy School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tiberi</LastName><ForeName>Simon</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0738-4276</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infection, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Adlhoch</LastName><ForeName>Cornelia</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8842-0469</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alonzi</LastName><ForeName>Tonino</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Archuleta</LastName><ForeName>Sophia</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brusin</LastName><ForeName>Sergio</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cambau</LastName><ForeName>Emmanuelle</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>APHP-Lariboisiere, Bacteriologie, Laboratory Associated to the National Reference Center for Mycobacteria; IAME UMR1137, INSERM, University of Paris, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Capobianchi</LastName><ForeName>Maria Rosaria</ForeName><Initials>MR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Virology, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Castilletti</LastName><ForeName>Concetta</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Virology, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Centis</LastName><ForeName>Rosella</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8551-3598</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cirillo</LastName><ForeName>Daniela M</ForeName><Initials>DM</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6415-1535</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>D'Ambrosio</LastName><ForeName>Lia</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7000-5777</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Public Health Consulting Group, Lugano, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Delogu</LastName><ForeName>Giovanni</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Esposito</LastName><ForeName>Susanna M R</ForeName><Initials>SMR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Figueroa</LastName><ForeName>Jose</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Health Service (NHS), London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Friedland</LastName><ForeName>Jon S</ForeName><Initials>JS</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7789-9649</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>St George's, University of London, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Choon Heng</LastName><ForeName>Benjamin Ho</ForeName><Initials>BH</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9506-3738</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Tuberculosis Control Unit, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ippolito</LastName><ForeName>Giuseppe</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Scientific Direction, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jankovic</LastName><ForeName>Mateja</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0171-764X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Clinic for Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kim</LastName><ForeName>Hannah Yejin</ForeName><Initials>HY</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Sydney, Sydney Pharmacy School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Klintz</LastName><ForeName>Senia Rosales</ForeName><Initials>SR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ködmön</LastName><ForeName>Csaba</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lalle</LastName><ForeName>Eleonora</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Virology, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Leo</LastName><ForeName>Yee Sin</ForeName><Initials>YS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Leung</LastName><ForeName>Chi-Chiu</ForeName><Initials>CC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Hong Kong Tuberculosis, Chest and Heart Diseases Association, Wanchai, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Märtson</LastName><ForeName>Anne-Grete</ForeName><Initials>AG</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6478-1959</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Groningen, the Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Melazzini</LastName><ForeName>Mario</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Scientific Direction, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Najafi Fard</LastName><ForeName>Saeid</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Penttinen</LastName><ForeName>Pasi</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Petrone</LastName><ForeName>Linda</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Petruccioli</LastName><ForeName>Elisa</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pontali</LastName><ForeName>Emanuele</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, Genova, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saderi</LastName><ForeName>Laura</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5131-9367</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Santin</LastName><ForeName>Miguel</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8474-3543</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Clinical Science, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Spanevello</LastName><ForeName>Antonio</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Diseases, University of Insubria, Varese-Como, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>van Crevel</LastName><ForeName>Reinout</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>van der Werf</LastName><ForeName>Marieke J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8021-1358</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Public Health Emergency Team, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Visca</LastName><ForeName>Dina</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2298-1623</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Diseases, University of Insubria, Varese-Como, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Viveiros</LastName><ForeName>Miguel</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zellweger</LastName><ForeName>Jean Pierre</ForeName><Initials>JP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>TB Competence Centre, Swiss Lung Association, Berne, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zumla</LastName><ForeName>Alimuddin</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Goletti</LastName><ForeName>Delia</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Translational Research Unit, Epidemiology and Preclinical Research Department, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>02</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Eur Respir J</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>8803460</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0903-1936</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CoiStatement>Conflict of interest: Dr. Adlhoch has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Alffenaar has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. ALONZI has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Archuleta has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Brusin has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Cambau has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Capobianchi has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Castilletti has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Centis has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Cirillo has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. D'Ambrosio has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Dara has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Delogu has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. ESPOSITO has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Figueroa has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Friedland has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. GOLETTI has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Ho has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Ippolito has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Islam has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Jankovic has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Ködmön has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Kim has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Lalle has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Leo has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Leung has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Märtson has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. MacGregor-Skinner has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. MELAZZINI has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Migliori has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. NAJAFI FARD has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. ONG has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Penttinen has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Petrone has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Petruccioli has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Pontali has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Raviglione has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Rosales Klintz has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Saderi has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Santin has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Sotgiu has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Spanevello has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Tiberi has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. van Crevel has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. van den Boom has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. van der Werf has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Visca has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Viveiros has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Zellweger has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Zumla has nothing to disclose.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>11</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>12</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>27</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>27</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>27</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>aheadofprint</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32586885</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">13993003.01727-2020</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1183/13993003.01727-2020</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li><li>Croatie</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Italie</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>Portugal</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>République populaire de Chine</li><li>Singapour</li><li>Suisse</li><li>Suède</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Canton de Berne</li><li>Canton de Genève</li><li>Grand Londres</li><li>Groningue (province)</li><li>Gueldre</li><li>Latium</li><li>Lombardie</li><li>Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</li><li>Oxfordshire</li><li>Pennsylvanie</li><li>Svealand</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Berne</li><li>Genève</li><li>Groningue</li><li>Londres</li><li>Milan</li><li>Nimègue</li><li>Oxford</li><li>Paris</li><li>Rome</li><li>Stockholm</li><li>Sydney</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université d'Oxford</li><li>Université de Genève</li><li>Université de Groningue</li><li>Université de Londres</li><li>Université de Sydney</li><li>Université nationale de Singapour</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Singapour"><noRegion><name sortKey="Min Ong, Catherine Wei" sort="Min Ong, Catherine Wei" uniqKey="Min Ong C" first="Catherine Wei" last="Min Ong">Catherine Wei Min Ong</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Archuleta, Sophia" sort="Archuleta, Sophia" uniqKey="Archuleta S" first="Sophia" last="Archuleta">Sophia Archuleta</name><name sortKey="Choon Heng, Benjamin Ho" sort="Choon Heng, Benjamin Ho" uniqKey="Choon Heng B" first="Benjamin Ho" last="Choon Heng">Benjamin Ho Choon Heng</name><name sortKey="Leo, Yee Sin" sort="Leo, Yee Sin" uniqKey="Leo Y" first="Yee Sin" last="Leo">Yee Sin Leo</name><name sortKey="Min Ong, Catherine Wei" sort="Min Ong, Catherine Wei" uniqKey="Min Ong C" first="Catherine Wei" last="Min Ong">Catherine Wei Min Ong</name></country><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Migliori, Giovanni Battista" sort="Migliori, Giovanni Battista" uniqKey="Migliori G" first="Giovanni Battista" last="Migliori">Giovanni Battista Migliori</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Alonzi, Tonino" sort="Alonzi, Tonino" uniqKey="Alonzi T" first="Tonino" last="Alonzi">Tonino Alonzi</name><name sortKey="Capobianchi, Maria Rosaria" sort="Capobianchi, Maria Rosaria" uniqKey="Capobianchi M" first="Maria Rosaria" last="Capobianchi">Maria Rosaria Capobianchi</name><name sortKey="Castilletti, Concetta" sort="Castilletti, Concetta" uniqKey="Castilletti C" first="Concetta" last="Castilletti">Concetta Castilletti</name><name sortKey="Centis, Rosella" sort="Centis, Rosella" uniqKey="Centis R" first="Rosella" last="Centis">Rosella Centis</name><name sortKey="Cirillo, Daniela M" sort="Cirillo, Daniela M" uniqKey="Cirillo D" first="Daniela M" last="Cirillo">Daniela M. Cirillo</name><name sortKey="Delogu, Giovanni" sort="Delogu, Giovanni" uniqKey="Delogu G" first="Giovanni" last="Delogu">Giovanni Delogu</name><name sortKey="Delogu, Giovanni" sort="Delogu, Giovanni" uniqKey="Delogu G" first="Giovanni" last="Delogu">Giovanni Delogu</name><name sortKey="Esposito, Susanna M R" sort="Esposito, Susanna M R" uniqKey="Esposito S" first="Susanna M R" last="Esposito">Susanna M R. Esposito</name><name sortKey="Goletti, Delia" sort="Goletti, Delia" uniqKey="Goletti D" first="Delia" last="Goletti">Delia Goletti</name><name sortKey="Ippolito, Giuseppe" sort="Ippolito, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Ippolito G" first="Giuseppe" last="Ippolito">Giuseppe Ippolito</name><name sortKey="Lalle, Eleonora" sort="Lalle, Eleonora" uniqKey="Lalle E" first="Eleonora" last="Lalle">Eleonora Lalle</name><name sortKey="Melazzini, Mario" sort="Melazzini, Mario" uniqKey="Melazzini M" first="Mario" last="Melazzini">Mario Melazzini</name><name sortKey="Najafi Fard, Saeid" sort="Najafi Fard, Saeid" uniqKey="Najafi Fard S" first="Saeid" last="Najafi Fard">Saeid Najafi Fard</name><name sortKey="Petrone, Linda" sort="Petrone, Linda" uniqKey="Petrone L" first="Linda" last="Petrone">Linda Petrone</name><name sortKey="Petruccioli, Elisa" sort="Petruccioli, Elisa" uniqKey="Petruccioli E" first="Elisa" last="Petruccioli">Elisa Petruccioli</name><name sortKey="Pontali, Emanuele" sort="Pontali, Emanuele" uniqKey="Pontali E" first="Emanuele" last="Pontali">Emanuele Pontali</name><name sortKey="Raviglione, Mario" sort="Raviglione, Mario" uniqKey="Raviglione M" first="Mario" last="Raviglione">Mario Raviglione</name><name sortKey="Saderi, Laura" sort="Saderi, Laura" uniqKey="Saderi L" first="Laura" last="Saderi">Laura Saderi</name><name sortKey="Sotgiu, Giovanni" sort="Sotgiu, Giovanni" uniqKey="Sotgiu G" first="Giovanni" last="Sotgiu">Giovanni Sotgiu</name><name sortKey="Spanevello, Antonio" sort="Spanevello, Antonio" uniqKey="Spanevello A" first="Antonio" last="Spanevello">Antonio Spanevello</name><name sortKey="Spanevello, Antonio" sort="Spanevello, Antonio" uniqKey="Spanevello A" first="Antonio" last="Spanevello">Antonio Spanevello</name><name sortKey="Visca, Dina" sort="Visca, Dina" uniqKey="Visca D" first="Dina" last="Visca">Dina Visca</name><name sortKey="Visca, Dina" sort="Visca, Dina" uniqKey="Visca D" first="Dina" last="Visca">Dina Visca</name></country><country name="Suisse"><region name="Canton de Genève"><name sortKey="Raviglione, Mario" sort="Raviglione, Mario" uniqKey="Raviglione M" first="Mario" last="Raviglione">Mario Raviglione</name></region><name sortKey="D Ambrosio, Lia" sort="D Ambrosio, Lia" uniqKey="D Ambrosio L" first="Lia" last="D'Ambrosio">Lia D'Ambrosio</name><name sortKey="Zellweger, Jean Pierre" sort="Zellweger, Jean Pierre" uniqKey="Zellweger J" first="Jean Pierre" last="Zellweger">Jean Pierre Zellweger</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Pennsylvanie"><name sortKey="Macgregor Skinner, Gavin" sort="Macgregor Skinner, Gavin" uniqKey="Macgregor Skinner G" first="Gavin" last="Macgregor-Skinner">Gavin Macgregor-Skinner</name></region></country><country name="Australie"><region name="Nouvelle-Galles du Sud"><name sortKey="Alffenaar, Jan Willem" sort="Alffenaar, Jan Willem" uniqKey="Alffenaar J" first="Jan-Willem" last="Alffenaar">Jan-Willem Alffenaar</name></region><name sortKey="Alffenaar, Jan Willem" sort="Alffenaar, Jan Willem" uniqKey="Alffenaar J" first="Jan-Willem" last="Alffenaar">Jan-Willem Alffenaar</name><name sortKey="Alffenaar, Jan Willem" sort="Alffenaar, Jan Willem" uniqKey="Alffenaar J" first="Jan-Willem" last="Alffenaar">Jan-Willem Alffenaar</name><name sortKey="Kim, Hannah Yejin" sort="Kim, Hannah Yejin" uniqKey="Kim H" first="Hannah Yejin" last="Kim">Hannah Yejin Kim</name><name sortKey="Kim, Hannah Yejin" sort="Kim, Hannah Yejin" uniqKey="Kim H" first="Hannah Yejin" last="Kim">Hannah Yejin Kim</name><name sortKey="Kim, Hannah Yejin" sort="Kim, Hannah Yejin" uniqKey="Kim H" first="Hannah Yejin" last="Kim">Hannah Yejin Kim</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Tiberi, Simon" sort="Tiberi, Simon" uniqKey="Tiberi S" first="Simon" last="Tiberi">Simon Tiberi</name></region><name sortKey="Figueroa, Jose" sort="Figueroa, Jose" uniqKey="Figueroa J" first="Jose" last="Figueroa">Jose Figueroa</name><name sortKey="Friedland, Jon S" sort="Friedland, Jon S" uniqKey="Friedland J" first="Jon S" last="Friedland">Jon S. Friedland</name><name sortKey="Tiberi, Simon" sort="Tiberi, Simon" uniqKey="Tiberi S" first="Simon" last="Tiberi">Simon Tiberi</name><name sortKey="Van Crevel, Reinout" sort="Van Crevel, Reinout" uniqKey="Van Crevel R" first="Reinout" last="Van Crevel">Reinout Van Crevel</name><name sortKey="Zumla, Alimuddin" sort="Zumla, Alimuddin" uniqKey="Zumla A" first="Alimuddin" last="Zumla">Alimuddin Zumla</name></country><country name="Suède"><region name="Svealand"><name sortKey="Adlhoch, Cornelia" sort="Adlhoch, Cornelia" uniqKey="Adlhoch C" first="Cornelia" last="Adlhoch">Cornelia Adlhoch</name></region><name sortKey="Brusin, Sergio" sort="Brusin, Sergio" uniqKey="Brusin S" first="Sergio" last="Brusin">Sergio Brusin</name><name sortKey="Klintz, Senia Rosales" sort="Klintz, Senia Rosales" uniqKey="Klintz S" first="Senia Rosales" last="Klintz">Senia Rosales Klintz</name><name sortKey="Kodmon, Csaba" sort="Kodmon, Csaba" uniqKey="Kodmon C" first="Csaba" last="Ködmön">Csaba Ködmön</name><name sortKey="Penttinen, Pasi" sort="Penttinen, Pasi" uniqKey="Penttinen P" first="Pasi" last="Penttinen">Pasi Penttinen</name><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Marieke J" sort="Van Der Werf, Marieke J" uniqKey="Van Der Werf M" first="Marieke J" last="Van Der Werf">Marieke J. Van Der Werf</name></country><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Cambau, Emmanuelle" sort="Cambau, Emmanuelle" uniqKey="Cambau E" first="Emmanuelle" last="Cambau">Emmanuelle Cambau</name></region></country><country name="Croatie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Jankovic, Mateja" sort="Jankovic, Mateja" uniqKey="Jankovic M" first="Mateja" last="Jankovic">Mateja Jankovic</name></noRegion></country><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Leung, Chi Chiu" sort="Leung, Chi Chiu" uniqKey="Leung C" first="Chi-Chiu" last="Leung">Chi-Chiu Leung</name></noRegion></country><country name="Pays-Bas"><region name="Groningue (province)"><name sortKey="M Rtson, Anne Grete" sort="M Rtson, Anne Grete" uniqKey="M Rtson A" first="Anne-Grete" last="M Rtson">Anne-Grete M Rtson</name></region><name sortKey="Van Crevel, Reinout" sort="Van Crevel, Reinout" uniqKey="Van Crevel R" first="Reinout" last="Van Crevel">Reinout Van Crevel</name></country><country name="Espagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Santin, Miguel" sort="Santin, Miguel" uniqKey="Santin M" first="Miguel" last="Santin">Miguel Santin</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Santin, Miguel" sort="Santin, Miguel" uniqKey="Santin M" first="Miguel" last="Santin">Miguel Santin</name></country><country name="Portugal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Viveiros, Miguel" sort="Viveiros, Miguel" uniqKey="Viveiros M" first="Miguel" last="Viveiros">Miguel Viveiros</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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